Analysis of Graph Theory

Analysis of Graph Theory In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs: mathematical structures used to model pair wise relations between objects from a certain collection. A graph is a very simple structure consisting of a set of vertices and a family of lines (possibly oriented), called edges (undirected) or arcs (directed), each of them linking some pair of vertices. An undirected graph may for example model conflicts between objects or persons. A directed graph (or digraph) may typically represent a communication network, or some domination relation between individuals, etc. The famous problem of the bridges of Kà ¶nigsberg, solved by Euler, is viewed as the first formal result in graph theory. This theory has developed during the second half of the 19th century (with Hamilton, Heawood, Kempe, Kirchhoff, Petersen, Tait), and has boomed since the 1930s (with Kà ¶nig, Hall, Kuratowski, Whitney, Erdà ¶s, Tutte, Edmonds, Berge, Lovà ¡sz, Seymour, and many other people). It is clearly related to Algebra, Topology, and other topics from Combinatorics. It applies to and gets motivating new problems from Computer Science, Operations Research, Game Theory, Decision Theory. â€Å"Because of its inherent simplicity, graph theory has a very wide range of applications in engineering, in physical, social, and biological sciences, in linguistics, and in numerous other areas. A graph can be used to represent almost any physical situation involving discrete objects and relationship among them† (Narsingh Deo). The term â€Å"graph† in mathematics has different meanings. There is a graph for the function and relation. Graphs, especially tree graphs and directed graphs appear in the computer and information sciences. Flowcharts for example are directed graphs. A flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm. It is frequently used in the planning, development and structuring of an algorithm for solving a complex problem. The flowchart is regarded as an essential part of the documentation of any computer translation of the original algorithm (Seymour Lipschutz). There are two commonly used tools to help to document program logic (the algorithm). These are flowcharts and Pseudocode. Generally, flowcharts work well for small problems but Pseudocode is used for larger problems. Flowcharts are used in the design phase of software creation. It specifies the logical flow of a program. The semantics of a flowchart are totally concerned just with control flow-what happens first, and then what happens next, and so on. A flowchart is drawn using a small set of symbols with well-defined meanings. An elongated oval denotes the beginning of the program, where the execution commences. Passage of flow from the beginning, and at later stages, is denoted by edges with directional arrows. A box in the shape of a parallelogram denotes either an input (such as a READ), or an output (such as a PRINT). A rectangle denotes a computational step, such as addition, and a diamond-shaped box denotes a decision step. A diamond usually has one arrow leading in, and two or more leading out, denoting different ways the control can proceed from that point. A diamond is used in cases of decision statements like, If A is more than 7, proceed to multiply B and C; else, divide C and D. Example of flowchart which reads 2 numbers A and B, and prints them in decreasing order after assigning the larger number to BIG and smaller number to SMALL. â€Å"Essential computer mathematics† Seymour Lipschutz, 1987, page 101 A flowchart is a visual representation of sequence of operations performed to get the solution of the problem. They are usually drawn in early stages of programming project. They help with better communication between the programmers and their business customers. The flowcharts are very helpful with understanding complicated problems and programming logic, especially for people who do not work with (or understand) programming and coding. We can say that flowcharts are necessary for better documentation of complex programs. They also work as a guide during the system analysis and program development phase. If we have good flowchart for the programme the maintenance becomes easier, as the programmer can be more efficient in debugging process, as he can clearly see which parts he has to focus on. Flowcharts are also used in industrial and process engineering and management. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) created by the Three Amigos of software engineering borrows some of its basic ideas from the flowchart paradigm, although it is much more sophisticated. Visual Paradigm for UML is a professional tool that supports complete software lifecycle object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, construction, testing and deployment. The UML modelling software helps to build quality applications faster and better. You can draw all types of class diagrams, reverse or generate code. It allows turning models into Java codes and Java codes into models. Graph theory is also helpful when building databases. Directed graphs (or digraphs) are a special case of graphs that constitute a powerful and convenient way of representing relationships between entities. In a digraph, entities are represented as nodes and relationships as directed lines or arrows that connect the nodes. The orientation of the arrows follows the flow of information in the digraph  ­. Digraphs offer a number of advantages to information visualization, with the most important of them being: comprehensibility the information that a digraph contains can be easily and accurately understood by humans and expressiveness- digraph topology bears non-trivial information. Case of graphical representation of logic rules, digraphs seem to be extremely appropriate. They can offer explanation of derived conclusions, since the series of inference steps in the graph can be easily detected and retraced. Also, by going backwards from the conclusion to the triggering conditions, on e can validate the truth of the inference result, gaining a means of proof visualization and validation. One of the examples can be found in the book â€Å"Automated Data Processing and Computations by David I. Donatoy. It is an example of geographic names database. An algorithm specifies how to quickly identify names that approximately match any specific name when searching the mentioned database. The algorithm identifies matching names by applying an artificial measure of name simplicity. A digraph index enables computer name searches that are carried out within this technique to be fast enough for Web application. The use of digraph index enables name search application to restrict comparisons to a small subset of the database name, speeding up processing. A digraph index lists in digraph sequence all digraphs found in the database of geo ­graphic names. The entry for a particular digraph consists of a set of pointers to all names in the geographic-names database that includes at least one occurrence of that digraph. Once the search-for name has itself been broken down into a list of its unique constituent digraphs, the digraph index can then be used to produce a candidate list containing only those names from the database that include at least one of the digraphs found in the search-for name. In most cases, several names in the candidate list will be referenced more than once (by different digraphs). After sorting the list of can ­didate names (thus, bringing together all occurrences of each particular candidate name), the number of occurrences of each candidate name can be counted. The number of occurrences of a candidate name will be the same as the number of unique digraphs a candidate name has in common with the search-for nam e. This number can be regarded as a first-approximation measure of a names similarity to the search-for name, with larger numbers corresponding to stronger similarity. Computer scientists have developed a great deal of theory about graphs and operations on them. One reason for this is because graphs can be used to represent many problems in computer science that are otherwise abstract. Finding a way to represent the solution to a problem as a graph can present new approaches to solving the problem or even lead directly to a solution derived from graph theory. This sort of technique is often used when discussing algorithmic efficiency and when trying to prove that a certain algorithm is NP-Complete; because many problems involving graphs, such as finding the shortest path to traverse all nodes (the Travelling Salesman Problem), are NP-Complete, if you can find a way to represent a problem as a graph and show that it is analogous to one of the other NP-Complete problems, then you can show the problem you are trying to solve is also NP-Complete, which gives you a hint that the solution will take a great deal of time. Another reason for using graphs is that many problems computers are used to solve involve representing relationships between objects, places, or concepts. Because graphs can be either directed or undirected, they are a flexible method of showing connections. For instance, you can describe who knows who in a room as a collection of nodes, each representing a person, and directed edges, each representing that one person knows another. Because graphs are so often used and because they allow the representation of many problems in computer science, they are a convenient means of expressing problems with which many people are comfortable. This familiarity simplifies the process of creating mental models of problems, which ultimately leads to better problem solving. Because computer science is a young discipline, it played essential role in development of graph theory. Mathematics plays essential role in computer science, as its language defines the generic structures and proves properties of those structures. Computer systems can be very complex and it is very difficult to have a clear picture of all details and keep the overview of the whole system. Computer science has put lots of effort to develop mathematically based frameworks to model computer systems. References: Gibbons, Alan (1985), Algorithmic graph theory, Cambridge University Press http://www-leibniz.imag.fr/GRAPH/english/overview.html http://www.bookrags.com/research/flowchart-wcs/ Brent Daviduck† Introduction to Programming in C++: Algorithms,  Flowcharts and Pseudocode† Narsingh Deo â€Å"Graph theory with applications to engineering and computer science†2004 An augmented directed graph base for application development Dan C. Clarke , 1982 Knoxville, Tennessee David I. Donato â€Å"Fast, Inclusive Searches for Geographic Names Using Digraphs† Chapter 1 of Book 7, Automated Data Processing and Computations, Section A, Algorithms, page 2-3 Quentin Charatan Aaron Kans â€Å"Java in two semesters†, The McGraw Hill, 2006, page 4-7 Seymour Lipschutz â€Å"Essential computer mathematics†, McGraw Hill 1987, page 95-107

Romanticism in Why Do I Love You, Sir?

Romanticism in â€Å"Why do I love You, Sir? † Many know of Emily Dickinson reclusive behavior, but very few know about her brief engagement to George Could, a student at Amherst College. Unfortunately, her wealthy father broke their engagement off because he was Just a poor student. It is believed that this disappointment triggered her initial withdrawal from society and the start of her life as a writer. She lived without marrying and devoted a significant amount of time to writing poetry and letters during a time now known as theAmerican Romanticism movement. This movement affected Emily writing and is evident in much of her poetry. Emily Dickinson displays many of the characteristics of the American Romantic period in her poem â€Å"Why do I Love You, sir? † First, an obvious connection to American Romanticism in this poem is Emily unconventional punctuation, short lines, and capitalization. Formerly, poems were structured strictly to fit into heroic couplets. In di verging from the ordinary, Emily used romanticism to destroy the authoritarian structure and give way for allowing he poet and reader to feel the way that each individual felt.With no guidelines, one is allowed to be free and let things flow into their ideal shape of religion. For example, the very first stanza, envoy do I love' You, Sir? † is oddly punctuated. The narrator is seemingly repeating a question that has been questioned of her which is suggested by the quotation marks around â€Å"why do I love. † This leads way that the narrator is quoting someone. Secondly, Emily use of nature to explain her simple answer â€Å"Because—† is also characteristic of the American Romantic poets.Romantics love nature because of its sensibility and connection to basic emotions. Nature's design is straightforward. Built to survive and reproduce are its only goals. There are there Just because. Emily first simplistic response is â€Å"The Wind does not require the G rass/ To Answer— Wherefore when He passes/ She cannot keep Her place†. Emily likens herself to blades of grass that are quivered by the wind. Just as when Sir passes she is shaken with Joy Just by his presence. Additionally, the wind does not solicit the grass to tell why it was affected.However, the wind did so inquire the answer would be because. Just as simple as can be Just like nature intended. Later on in the poem, Emily brings up lightening another major player in Mother Nature to further emphasize her argument. Lightening also doe not question why it's impulsive flash of brightness causes an eye to close, â€Å"Because He knows it cannot speak—â€Å". Still if it could express its feeling it will answer because. Thirdly, individualism is key to romantic poets. Her feelings are evident for however this Sir is and she is free in expressing her emotions.Whether Sir is God or secret crush, the reader's own interpretation is vital in this decision. The capit alization of he is significant in the fact that she is most likely referring to God. It is almost impossible to explain why someone has an affinity for a certain someone. Only nature can explain most simply and it answer is â€Å"Because—â€Å". Either way you cannot explain factually why you believe in God or why you had a love at first sight moment. Ultimately nature decides it all. It is as simple as â€Å"The Sunrises—Sire completely Me—/Because He's Sunrise—and I see?/Therefore—Then—/l loveIn conclusion, red is to a rose as Emily Dickinson is to Romantic poet. Emily encompasses all that is Romantic. She was original by revoking the structure of everyday poems of times before, using nature to explore feelings, and use nature as ways to exemplify the things we do. She also made the individual important and the main character to her poems. Overall, this poem is a great example of the legacy Emily Dickinson left to American literature. W orks Cited Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"Why Do I Love You, Sir? â€Å". Poem Hunter. Poem Hunter. N. D. Tuesday. 9 July 2013

Trader Joes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 854 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1. Trader Joe’s is a multi- billion dollar national chain through its ability to find cheap real state, store brands and smartly management practices. The company always encourage friendly, customer orientated employees who are ambitious and adventurous enjoy smiling and have strong sense of values. Each employee is encouraged to taste and learn about the products and to engage customer to share what they experienced. Trader Joe’s philosophy for their success is â€Å"HAPPY EMPLOYEES MAKE FOR HAPPY CUSTOMER’S. The company encourage multitasking, it is not unusual for store manager to sweep floor, stock shelves and run the register when needed. Company also encourages young teens who are working as part time and collecting money for their colleges. If we compare Trader Joe’s wages to other grocery stores, they pay 30% more to their employees. The simple reason lies is that Trader Joe’s knows that people looking for a new job look for money, but pay is not why employees generally remain with an organization. At Trader Joe’s, employees feel that they are taken care of and there is nothing to stop giving 100% of their abilities. 2. It is an old saying who is captain of the ship? Manager is always taken as the captain of the whole entire crew. Trader Joe’s always work on this theory so their managers are highly professional customer satisfaction experts, ambassadors, food tasters, personnel specialist, merchandisers, problem solvers and community volunteers. The management process work in the simple formula of planning, organizing, leading and controlling which sets clear rules for all the employees working in the company. Traders Joe’s offer their manager round six figure pay which is a biggest attraction among all others. Moreover Company’s non-union policy gives the management to lead their crew in more organized manner, controlling and monitoring everyone performance and taking immedia te actions as necessary. 3. Trader Joe’s knows that the stock of competence, knowledge and personality attributes embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. The Company is well known for treating employees with the measure of respect and dignity. Everyone come up with new ideas all of which are taken very seriously and often acted upon. Clearly the chain sees its own people as a way to build brand recognition for the store. The attitude within the corporate office is that the people it hires, trains and promotes are just an important as the low prices and products it carries. Trader Joe’s knows the importance of human capital it established a peer network in which managers talk to and work with each other on developing and implanting best practice at work. 4. Trader Joe’s always focus on a high level model of how their business receive raw materials from all over the world as input, add value to the raw material through vario us processes and sell the best and finished products to the customers. The Company is very famous for it’s in store brands which include wine, chocolates, cakes and bread. The unique idea of bringing all types of grocery from every ethnicity, region and culture bring all community people under one roof. It was a different concept back in those days to get grocery from Middle East, China, India and Africa, miles away from here, but this Company made this possible. The Company made a value reference model for making their products a success. The model structure work as a, 1) Research and Development 2) Design of Products, Services or Processes Production 3) Marketing and Sales 4) Distribution 5) Customer service. When they combine all these values in one product, the combine result did come out as a success. 5. Trader Joe’s blogs have at least 76% positive responses. Customers do talk about their candies, cake, chocolate and wine all the time. This Company is a big co mpetitor of Whole food market so it’s always focuses on the organic food. These days people are using more organic products with a big campaign â€Å"BACK TO BASICS†, Trader Joe’s is actively participating in it. Trader Joe’s locations and size of the store is always a catch for the customers, the Company focus on the location so they always open at the places where need of grocery stores is indeed. In the blogs customer did praise the fact that it’s a one stop shop for whatever they need for their pantry, fridge even cleaning supplies, not to forget their prices are very low which always attack customers especially in this economy. Trader Joe’s is a big competitor of Whole food market, Kroger and Alde so it sometimes faces some issues too, like these days Company is having issues with their seafood. An association name Green-Peace wants Trader Joe’s not to sell â€Å"Redlist Fishes†, people really want to be good by the planet so do Trader Joe’s. The Company also believes in Go-Green policy so the company is putting their heads up keeping all the products which is good for the environment and they are talking about their products in the store by giving flyers and showing in store cooking demos. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Trader Joes" essay for you Create order

Direct Instruction As An Instructional Approach - 936 Words

Direct Instruction is often associated with traditional lecture style teaching in the classroom and is most commonly used teaching method. Direct Instruction is an instructional approach that is teacher led either by lecture or demonstration and is structured and sequenced in nature (Hidden Curriculum, 2014). One of the fundamental characteristics of Direct Instruction is providing new material to the students’ by presenting the content into understandable and logical steps. Another characteristic of Direct Instruction is the review of previous lecture or assignment and the use of review to strengthen learning. Lastly, another characteristic of Direct Instruction is providing students’ with direct and independent practice, as well as providing advice with correctives from the instructor. During my time observing, most of the classes I observed focused heavily on direct instruction. I suppose this is due to that fact that there is a lot of material to cover in a short am ount of time, therefore the teacher starts with direct instruction and then moves on to other instructional approaches. For example, during my observation of the beginning of new content on pedigrees, the teacher relied heavily on lecture with the use of a Power Point presentation on the Smartboard. Throughout the lecture, the teacher explained and illustrated the content and model the skills needed. During the lesson, the students were guided to take notes on required information. The teacher presentedShow MoreRelatedThe Direct Instruction Approach Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesDirect Instruction There are various instructional approaches but one that is widely employed by many teachers is the direct instruction approach. This is the classic teaching style that many people remember during K-12 grade school. The teacher would stand in front of the class lecturing while writing on the black board. That is why direct instruction is also known as â€Å"Chalk and Talk† (Evans, 2006). Direct instruction is not out of date and is still appropriate in many situations today. TheRead MoreTeaching Children With Autism Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesPlethora of instructional formats can be used by teachers when teaching children with autism. Some of the instructional formats commonly used with children with ASD include small group instruction, one-on-one instruction, peer-mediated instruction, discrete trial and direct instruction. Use of reinforcement can be highly effective when delivering instruction to children with autism. Several forms of reinforcement can be utilized t o increase desired behavior, such as use of computers, edibles, toysRead MoreEvaluation Of A Clinical Supervision Project925 Words   |  4 PagesAfter completing my clinical supervision project, I can reflect on multiple things I have learned about myself as a supervisor, including my approach to clinical supervision, my conference skills, and my strengths and weaknesses. I now recognize more than ever that effective supervisors must consistently self-assess their practice and make adjustments as necessary for continuous improvement, just as effective teachers do. Throughout the clinical supervision process, it became apparent that IRead MoreInstructional Leadership : The Implementation Of Strategic Planning Concepts Regarding Quality Instruction Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesis your definition of instructional leadership? Instructional leadership is the implementation of strategic planning concepts regarding quality instruction. 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In anyRead MoreThe Language And Balanced Literacy1454 Words   |  6 Pagesone is the best one has been a debated topic for decades. According to J. Reyhner,†Proponents of phonics point to a purported decline in reading test scores in the 1990s that they saw as a result of whole language instruction and scientific studies that indicated phonics instruction produced better reading scores than other methods.† (Reyhner, 2008) Additionally, whole language advocates point to other reasons to explai n those instances of declining reading scores such as students living in povertyRead MoreDeveloping Instructional Practices For Students With Specific Learning Disabilities Case Study1280 Words   |  6 Pages Developing Instructional Practices for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Developing Instructional Practices for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities Part One How to Support Students with Specific Learning Disabilities The research-based instructional practices for supporting students with reading, mathematics, and language disabilities in the science and social studies content areas throughout elementary school includeRead MoreHow Teacher Leaders Connect and Monitor Student Learning Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageslearning. 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Instructional design meets the mastery of lesson objectives. Plan and develop instruction, evaluate the instruments that measure course objectivesRead MoreBenefits And Challenges Of Applied Systematic Instruction828 Words   |  4 PagesSystematic Instruction in Included Settings Jeannette Nunez Concordia University- Portland Benefits and Challenges of Applied Systematic Instruction in Included Settings In the educational world, there are countless programs, curricula, strategies, manipulates, and resources for teachers to pull from in order to aide in the teaching of concepts and learning of students. Whatever method(s) a school or district has deemed best practice, or adopted as their curriculum, tend to be the instructional practices

Geopolitical Factors Between Nato And Russia Essay

Geopolitical Factors between NATO and Russia Future relationships between NATO and Russia are very uncertain. These uncertainties are due primarily to geopolitical factors like globalization, economic interdependence and international law. This leaves the world to question the possibility of a conflict arising from these clashing geopolitical factors. First, Russia, one of the major powers, has expanded economically and militarily by increasing trade, communication and even showing military force in other countries with the fight against ISIL. This expansion, known as globalization, has lead to the interdependence between states, specifically, dependence of the production process, investment, consumption, foreign trade, and inflows of foreign currency (Vorobyov 2). Next, the issue of economic interdependence has many wondering about the state of conflict between NATO members and Russia. Economic interdependence refers to a state’s need to rely on other states for resources thr ough trade and investment. Liberalist and realist views of economic interdependence shine light on the last question about causes for concern for war between Russia and any NATO members. In the following paragraphs, these contradicting views will be closely analyzed in order to help get a sense for how interdependence between major powers will have an effect on potential future conflict. Lastly, Russia and NATO have very conflicting views when it comes to international laws and how they ought to beShow MoreRelatedThe Geopolitical Challenges Of America1616 Words   |  7 PagesOur Geopolitical Challenges America is a country that stands out from all the other countries. We have a strong system of government that listens to the people and is ran by the people. This does not however mean that we are without geopolitical challenges. 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Facebook Assignment Free Essays

Nathan Barry – S10001606 Business Context Introduction The following assignment was created by our group [ ] Our chosen organisation for the assignment is the online social networking site Facebook. As a group we feel as though this would give us a good opportunity to analyse the factors of business content in an in-depth way. Business could be defined as â€Å"the transformation of inputs into outputs. We will write a custom essay sample on Facebook Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now This transformation process takes place against a background of external influences which affect the firm and its activities†. (Worthington and Britton 2000:3) Facebook Background Facebook was co-founded in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerburg and roommate Dustin Moskovitz, both American entrepreneurs who attended Harvard University, Massachusetts. Zuckerburg now owns around a quarter of the organisation with Dustin still having a share of around 6-7% as of 2010. Facebook’s mission statement simply reads â€Å"to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected†. (www. facebook. com) Economics â€Å"The study of how human beings seek to use resources to satisfy the whole range of their needs, wants and desires†. Wetherly and Otter 2008:3) We need resources in order to satisfy our needs, wants and aspirations. The economy provides this in four categories which are land, labour, capital and enterprise. The economy surrounding Facebook is undoubtedly large and still growing rapidly with investors continuingly looking to pump money into the company. The site attracts businesses from all over the world and of all sizes with its expansive advertising space which reaches out to millions of users daily. Recent figures published by Facebook themselves estimate a figure in the region of â€Å"five hundred million users with 50% of chose actively logging into the site daily†. (www. Facebook. com/stats). This therefore is an extremely attractive proposition for any business looking to advertise as most target audiences are reachable. Supply and demand is an extremely important factor for Facebook. They are the market leader in there sector and therefore control the price as investors and company’s looking to advertise have little choice when it comes to substitutes (compliments). There is a huge demand for what Facebook offer and this demand is only met by small supply which as a result increases the price. Legal/Technology Technology is â€Å"the sum of knowledge of the means and methods of producing goods and services† (Worthington and Britton 2000:138). Technology is massive issue for any online business as falling behind could be very costly in terms of gaining a competitive advantage. Facebook specifically must concentrate on information technology (i. c. t) as they handle huge quantities of data about their users. Businesses must comply with legislation and Facebook are a complex example with issues such as eBullying, â€Å"the term used to refer to bullying and harassment by use of electronic devices such as mobile phones, e-mail, instant messaging, text messages and websites†. (www. ebullying. co. uk). Facebook attempts to reduce this with an extensive rights and responsibility page which must be agreed to when the user signs up to the website such as an age restriction policy although this is easily flawed as users can enter the wrong D. O. B without checks being carried out. How to cite Facebook Assignment, Papers

Developing A Marketplace For Smart Cities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Developing A Marketplace For Smart Cities. Answer: This research paper discusses the cybersecurity challenges in smart cities. It also presents many theories to discover safety, security, and privacy role in the smart cities. The main aim of this report is to address the impact of safety, security and privacy, and cybersecurity in the smart countries. This paper based on opinions of many authors to support the study, it involves Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014). This study practiced several paradigms and categorical structures as it could be imperative for examine advantages and cybersecurity. In this, it considers three factors like intelligence level, instrumented, and Interconnected. Moreover, the integrated structure will assist to the emergency responders, disaster recovery, and public safety as it could be effective in managing the security. The findings also demonstrate the significance of security and privacy. It supports to explore the findings of the research study, author practiced a huge number of pictures and tables to repr esent the collected data. From the findings, it is examined that the security demonstrates the evaluation of data and influences causing physical disruptions in the availability of services. Moreover, It is also analyzed that privacy-protecting structure supports to gather the information and prompt responses at the time of technical changes and dealing with security challenges. In this report, the author uses a model to represent the interaction between servers and individuals. This article is published in the Journal of Advanced Research. This Journal is supportive to explore the qualitative and quantitative data as it would be imperative for both research scholar and reader. This report supports to provide the evidence of the previous research challenges, like Rose (2013), who focuses on the programmes for the smart city technical regulations and guidance to explore the significance of standards in the smart cities. In addition, it is also stated that the main aim of this research report is to identify the role of the technical standards and guidance in establishing the smart city. Cohen and Money (2017) completed their research on this particular research matter. In this research study, the investigator uses the multiple large software structures that consider many elements like environmental interactivity, requirements of citizens, error handlings, safety instruction, and operational controlling liability. Other elements are transparency, portfolio, credibility, availability, and hosting. The data was collected through observation method. Moreover, the author has used many methods to analysis the framework of smart cities like applied computing, Inform ation systems, Security and privacy, Software security engineering, and Human-centred computing. This finding recommended that through data analysis method, the research scholar is able to determine the significance of regulation in the smart cities. In this, it is also addressed that there is a certain factor that could be imperative in making the smart city like techniques, policies, companies, management system, people, governance, economy, communities, natural atmosphere, and infrastructure. To support discovered findings, the investigator exercised a huge number of tables, charts, and tables to increase the discussion. This journal is published in the International World Wide Web Conference Committee. This journal concentrates on the practical relevance and theoretical exploration as it could be beneficial for the academic audience as well as the practitioner. This paper supports to demonstrate the last research, such as Berry (2008), who describes the conceptualization of smart cities. Moreover, it is also examined that the primary aim of this research report is to determine the information communication technology and sustainability in the smart cities management. Bifulco, F., Tregua, M., Amitrano, C. T., and D'Auria, A (2015), have completed their research on ICT and sustainability in the smart cities management. For this research study, the author has used the survey through a questionnaire to conduct their research as it could be effective to collect the reliable outcome. In this, qualitative data analysis method is used by the research scholar through content analysis method as it would be supportive to evaluate the collected data and get a reliable outcome. Moreover, this finding suggested that through data analysis method, the investigator is capable to identify the importance of information communication technology and sustainabil ity in the smart cities. In this, it is also stated that information communication technology and sustainability like an across-the-board elements because they connect all services to communities in the smart city. Consequently, it will be effective to make the smart city planning. In addition, ICT and sustainability technique support to operate the process of amortization. In this research report, the research scholar has practiced many tables and charts to support the findings and increase the whole discussion of research. This journal is published in the International Journal of Public Sector Management. This journal focuses on the theoretical exploration and practical relevance, which will be imperative for enhancing the understanding of practitioner and academic audience. This research report discusses the previous research, such as Harrison and Donnelly, who discusses the perspective on smart cities. Further, the main aim of this research is to identify a strategic and technical situation of the smart city for effectively dealing in the recession period. Paroutis, S., Bennett, M., Heracleous, L. (2013) completed their research study on this particular topic. In this research study, researchers have used qualitative research design to complete the specified aim and objectives. In this, it considers a certain method of observation, interview and documentary method to collect the data in the context of research issue. Besides this, the researcher has also practiced the case study approach to collect reliable data regarding the research issue. For this research study, research scholars have utilized qualitative and quantitative data analysis method to examine the collected data and meet research aim and objectives systematically. In addition, it is also found that the data analysis method will enable the researcher to determine the significance of strategic view on smart city technology. In this, the author mainly considers three factors like technology view, systems view, and strategic view. It is also stated that systematic view and technical view support to develop the smart technology and structure in the city. As a result, the country could be capable to improve their existing situation systematically. For supporting the finding of the research, the researcher will practice many tables and charts as could also be effective to deeply understand the research matter. This journal article is published in the technological forecasting and social change. This article concentrates on both practical as well as theoretical perspective as it could be imperative for increasing the subjective knowledge of academic audience and practitioner. In this report, researcher studied various literature regarding the smart cities. This research paper also supports to previous research, such as Wright and Steventon (2006), who discusses the smart cities. The main purpose of this research report is to evaluate the impact of smart city initiatives and big data on SCM (supply chain management). More precisely, this research also discovers the information about the connection between supply network characteristics, smart cities, and big data. Elcio M. Tachizawa, Mara J. Alvarez-Gil and Mara J. Montes-Sancho (2015), completed their research on how smart cities will change supply chain management. It will be effective to improve the supply chain process and get a higher return. In this research study, researchers have used an integrative framework to collect specific data about the research issue. In this, the researcher has also used the literature review and integrative framework to evaluate the collected data and meet the research ai m and objectives. Further, this finding recommended that the data analysis method mandate the researcher to determine the impact of smart cities in the whole process of supply chain management. For this research report, the investigator has used charts to support the collected data and as it could be effective to understand the current research matter. This Journal has published in the supply chain management: an international journal. This Journal concentrates on both practical and theoretical concept as it could be effective for improving current awareness about research subject. References Adel S. Elmaghraby, and Michael M. Losavio (2014) Cybersecurity challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security, and privacy, 5(4), pp. 491497 Elcio M. Tachizawa, Mara J. Alvarez-Gil, Mara J. Montes-Sancho, (2015) "How smart cities will change supply chain management", Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 20 Issue: 3, pp.237-248. Francesco Bifulco Marco Tregua Cristina Caterina Amitrano Anna D'Auria, (2016) "ICT and sustainability in smart cities management", International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 29 Iss 2 pp. 132 - 147 Money, W. H., Cohen, S. (2015) Developing a marketplace for Smart Cities Foundational Services with Policy and Trust, International Journal of Computer Science: Theory and Application, 3(1), 1-12. Paroutis, S., Bennett, M., Heracleous, L. (2013) a strategic view on smart city technology: The case of IBM Smarter Cities during a recession 89, pp. 262-272.